Early Development of Xieyi: Song and Yuan Dynasties

The roots of Xieyi painting can be traced back to the Song Dynasty (960-1279), when scholar-officials began to develop a distinctive style of painting that reflected their unique values and aesthetics. The emphasis shifted from courtly patronage to individual expression, setting the stage for the emergence of Xieyi.

During the Song period, artists such as Su Shi (苏轼) and Wen Tong (文同) began to experiment with ink wash techniques and brushwork that emphasized spontaneity and personal feeling. Their works captured the essence of nature through expressive, often minimalist, brushstrokes.

The Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368) saw further development of the Xieyi style. Many Chinese artists, who were then excluded from government positions, devoted themselves to painting. This led to the flourishing of literati painting, as well as further experimentation with expressive forms of ink and brushwork.

Artists like Zhao Mengfu (赵孟頫) and Ni Zan (倪瓒) further refined the style, incorporating calligraphic principles into their painting and focusing on the inner spirit of the subject. Their works showcase the importance of simplicity and emotional resonance.

The Song and Yuan Dynasties were crucial periods for laying the foundation for Xieyi painting, establishing its defining characteristics and setting the stage for later developments. The literati's focus on individual expression and inner insight created a unique art form that resonated throughout history.